Association between Pacifier Use, Bottle-Feeding, and Pre- Postnatal Variables: A Cohort Study

Letícia Santos Alves de Melo; Lorena Fonseca Silva; Silvio Rocha Corrêa da Silva; Fernanda Lopez Rosell; Aylton Valsecki Júnior; Angela Cristina Cilense Zuanon; Elaine Pereira da Silva Tagliaferro

Authors

Letícia Santos Alves de Melo
Lorena Fonseca Silva
Silvio Rocha Corrêa da Silva
Fernanda Lopez Rosell
Aylton Valsecki Júnior
Angela Cristina Cilense Zuanon
Elaine Pereira da Silva Tagliaferro

Keywords:

Pacifiers, Bottle Feeding, Intention, Pregnancy

Abstract

Objective: To determine the prevalence and analyze the variables associated with the use of pacifiers and/or bottles by infants up to 6 months of age. Material and Methods: Data on sociodemographic characteristics, intention to offer pacifier and bottle-feeding, pregnancy and breastfeeding (BF) variables were collected at baseline by interviews and a self-administered questionnaire among pregnant women in the 3^rd trimester. After delivery, mother-baby binomials were followed by phone calls at the 1^st, 3^rd, and 6^th months of the baby's life (n=467) to gather information on the type of delivery, baby’s gender, BF in the first hour of the newborn’s life, baby’s weight, mother’s return to work, and oral habits. Association analyses were performed using logistic regression models with a 5% significance level with the pacifier/bottle-feeding use as the outcome. Results: Most mothers (52.5%) reported their babies used bottle-feeding, 48.2% used pacifiers and 33.4% used both of them throughout the 6 months. Intention to offer pacifier and bottle-feeding was reported by 45.0% and 54.8% of the mothers at the 3^rd trimester of the pregnancy, respectively. Not living in one’s own residence (OR=1.53; 95%CI: 1.05-2.24) and having the prenatal intention of offering a pacifier (OR=2.50; 95%CI: 1.63-3.83) to the baby were significantly associated with pacifier use. Variables significantly associated with bottle-feeding were mother’s return to work (OR=2.48; 95%CI: 1.54-3.97), baby’s lower birth weight (OR=1.58; IC95%: 1.07-2.33), and prenatal intention to offer bottle-feeding (OR=2.51; 95%CI 1.56-4.04). Conclusion: About half of the babies used pacifiers or were bottle-fed, which were associated with the mother’s prenatal intention to offer them to their babies and socioeconomic factors.

References

American Pediatric Association. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 2012; 129(3):e827-41. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3552

Victora C, Bahl R, Barros AJD, França GVA, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lilefong effect. Lancet 2016; 387(10017):475-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7

Islam A, Manun A, Hossain M, Bharati P, Saw A, Lestrei PE, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding among Bangladeshi mothers: a nationwide cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2019; 14(4):e0215733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215733

Caminha MdFC, Serva VB, Anjos MMRd, Brito RBdS, Lins MM, Batista Filho M. Aleitamento materno exclusivo entre profissionais de um Programa Saúde da Família. Cien Saúde Colet 2011; 16(4):2245-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232011000400023 [In Portuguese].

Brasil. Saúde da criança: Aleitamento Materno e Alimentação Complementar. 2 ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015:186. [In Portuguese].

Jones G, Steketee RW, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, Morris SS. How many child deaths can we prevent this year? Lancet 2003; 362(9377):65-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13811-1

Levy L, Bértolo H. Manual de Aleitamento Materno. Lisboa: UNICEF; 2012. [In Portuguese].

Gisfrede TF, Kimura JS, Reyes A, Bassi J, Drugowick R, Matos R, et al. Hábitos bucais deletérios e suas consequências em Odontopediatria. Rev Bras Odontol 2016; 73(2):144-9. [In Portuguese].

Batista CLC, Ribeiro VS, Nascimento M, Rodrigues VP. Association between pacifier use and bottle-feeding and unfavorable behaviors during breastfeeding. J Pediatr 2018; 94(6):596-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2017.10.005

World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund. Ten steps to succesful breastfeeding. 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/activities/promoting-baby-friendly-hospitals/ten-steps-to-successful-breastfeeding [Accessed on April 22, 2020].

Brasil. Bases para a discussão da política nacional de promoção, proteção e apoio ao aleitamento materno. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde Brasília; 2017. [In Portuguese].

Buccini GDS, Pérez-Escamilla R, Paulino LM, Araújo CL, Venancio SI. Pacifier use and interruption of exclusive breastfeeding: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Matern Child Nutr 2017; 13(3):e12384. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12384

Kotowski J, Fowler C, Hourigan C, Orr F. Bottle-feeding an infant feeding modality: An integrative literature review. Matern Child Nutr 2020; 16(2):e12939. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12939

Costa AD, Tagliaferro EPdS, Costa ED, Ambrosano GMB, Possobon RdF. Expectation of parental control and the maintenance of bottle-feeding in childhood. J Pediatr 2021; 97(2):225-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.03.002

Feldens CA, Rodrigues PH, de Anastácio G, Vítolo MR, Chaffee BW. Feeding frequency in infancy and dental caries in childhood: a prospective cohort study. Int Dent J 2018; 68(2):113-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12333

Lakshman R, Ogilvie D, Ong KK. Mothers’ experiences of bottle-feeding: a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies. Arch Dis Child 2009; 94(8):596-601. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2008.151910

Buccini GdS, Pérez-Escamilla R, Venancio SI. Pacifier use and exclusive breastfeeding in Brazil. J Hum Lact 2016; 32(3):Np52-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334415609611

Adair SM. Pacifier use in children: a review of recent literature. Pediatr Dent 2003; 25(5):449-58.

Costa CTd, Shqair AQ, Azevedo MS, Goettems ML, Bonow MLM, Romano AR. Pacifier use modifies the association between breastfeeding and malocclusion: a cross-sectional study. Braz Oral Res 2018; 32:e101. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0101

Buccini GdS, Benício MHDA, Venancio SI. Determinants of using pacifier and bottle feeding. Rev Saúde Pública 2014; 48(4):571-82. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2014048005128

Bezerra VM, Magalhães EIdS, Pereira IN, Gomes AT, Pereira M, Rocha DdS. Prevalence and determinants of the use of pacifiers and feedingbottle: a study in Southwest Bahia. Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant 2019; 19(2):311-21. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042019000200004

Miranda C, de Sousa TM, do Carmo AS, Pereira SCL, Notaro KAM, Dos Santos LC. Use of artificial nipples among Brazilian infants and associated factors. J Trop Pediatr 2020; 66(5):511-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmaa007

França MCT, Giugliani ERJ, Oliveira LDd, Weigert EML, Santo LCdE, Köhler CV, et al. Uso de mamadeira no primeiro mês de vida: determinantes e influência na técnica de amamentação. Rev Saúde Pública 2008; 42(4):607-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102008005000028 [In Portuguese].

Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, Holford TR, Feinstein AR. A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 1996; 49(12):1373-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(96)00236-3

Nommsen-Rivers LA, Dewey KG. Development and validation of the infant feeding intentions scale. Matern Child Health J 2009; 13(3):334-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-008-0356-y

Góes FGB, Ledo BC, Santos AST, Pereira-Ávila FMV, Silva ACSS, Christoffel MM. Cultural adaptation of Infant Feeding Intentions Scale (IFI) for pregnant women in Brazil. Rev Bras Enferm 2020; 73(Suppl 4):e20190103. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0103

Silva LF, Cortellazzi KL, Melo LSA, Silva SRC, Rosell FL, Valsecky Júnior A, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding intention among pregnant women and associated variables: a cross-sectional study in a Brazilian community. Rev Paul Pediatr 2024; 42:e2022192. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2024/42/2022192

Santos ASTd, Góes FGB, Ledo BC, Silva LFd, Bastos MPdC, Silva MdA. Family learning demands about post-natal newborn care. Texto Contexto-Enferm 2021; 30:e20190352. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2019-0352

Appleton J, Russell CG, Laws R, Fowler C, Campbell K, Denney-Wilson E. Infant formula feeding practices associated with rapid weight gain: A systematic review. Matern Child Nutr 2018; 14(3):e12602. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.1260

Pineda R, Luong A, Ryckman J, Smith J. Pacifier use in newborns: related to socioeconomic status but not to early feeding performance. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107(5):806-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14253

da Silva JMD, Fernandes DC, Lima ECP, Farias MRS. Uso prolongado da chupeta e suas repercussões clínicas na saúde bucal da criança: uma revisão integrativa. Cad. Grad Ciênc Biol Saúde Unit 2018; 5(1):55-66. [In Portuguese].

Jaafar SH, Ho JJ, Jahanfar S, Angolkar M. Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016(8):Cd007202. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007202.pub4