Antibacterial and Solubility Analysis of Experimental Phytotherapeutic Paste for Endodontic Treatment of Primary Teeth

Aldelany Ramalho  Freire; Deborah Ellen Wanderley Gomes  Freire; Simone Alves de Sousa; Eliane Medeiros Serpa; Leopoldina de Fátima Dantas de Almeida; Yuri Wanderley  Cavalcanti

Authors

Aldelany Ramalho Freire
Deborah Ellen Wanderley Gomes Freire
Simone Alves de Sousa
Eliane Medeiros Serpa
Leopoldina de Fátima Dantas de Almeida
Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti

Keywords:

Root Canal Filling Materials, Tooth, Deciduous, Plant Extracts, Enterococcus faecalis

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effect and the solubility of experimental root canal filling pastes containing the phytoconstituents terpineol and cinnamaldehyde. Material and Methods: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of each phytoconstituent was determined against Enterococcus faecalis. Five groups of antibiotic pastes based on zinc oxide were obtained by mixing: only terpineol, only cinnamaldehyde, terpineol and cinnamaldehyde combined, chlorhexidine (antibiotic control), and CTZ paste (control paste). Antibacterial activity was analyzed through direct contact test within 24 and 72 hours. Solubility was evaluated by spectrophotometry within 48 and 144 hours. Antibacterial activity data were analyzed descriptively, and solubility data was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests (p<0.05). Results: The MIC obtained for terpineol and cinnamaldehyde were, respectively, 2000 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL. After 24h, only the terpineol paste did not inhibit E. faecalis growth. After 72h, all groups inhibited E. faecalis growth. After 48h, the highest solubility was verified in the terpineol paste (p<0.05), and no differences were detected among other groups (p>0.05). After and 144h, highest solubility was observed in the terpineol paste (p<0.05), followed by the CTZ paste (p<0.05). No differences were detected for cinnamaldehyde, terpineol+cinnamaldehyde and chlorhexidine pastes (p>0.05). Conclusion: Pastes containing cinnamaldehyde or terpineol+cinnamaldehyde showed antibacterial activity against E. faecalis similar to CTZ paste, with lower solubility.

References

Ahmed HMA. Anatomical challenges, electronic working length determination and current developments in root canal preparation of primary molar teeth. Int Endod J. 2013; 46(11):1011-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12134

Barja-Fidalgo F, Moutinho-Ribeiro M, Oliveira MAA, de Oliveira BH. A systematic review of root canal filling materials for deciduous teeth: is there an alternative for zinc oxide-eugenol? ISRN Dent 2011; 2011:367318. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/367318

Luengo-Fereira J, Ayala-Jiménez S, Carlos-Medrano LE, Toscano-García I, Anaya-Álvarez M. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of formocresol and chloramphenicol, tetracycline and zinc oxide-eugenol antibiotic paste in primary teeth pulpotomies: 24 month follow up. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019; 43(1):16-21. https://doi.org/10.17796/1053-4625-43.1.4

Segato RAB, Pucinelli CM, Ferreira DCA, Daldegan ADR, Silva RS, Nelson-Filho P, et al. Physicochemical properties of root canal filling materials for primary teeth. Braz Dent J 2016; 27(2):196-201. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600206

Moura LFAD, Lima MDM, Lima CCB, Machado JIAG, Moura MS, Carvalho PV. Endodontic treatment of primary molars with antibiotic paste: a report of 38 cases. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016; 40(3):175-7. https://doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-40.3.175

Lokade A, Thakur S, Singhal P, Chauhan D, Jayam C. Comparative evaluation of clinical and radiographic success of three different lesion sterilization and tissue repair techniques as treatment options in primary molars requiring pulpectomy: an in vivo study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2019; 37(2):185-91. https://doi.org/10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_6_19

Lima CCB, Conde Júnior AM, Rizzo MS, Moura RD, Moura MS, Lima MDM, et al. Biocompatibility of root filling pastes used in primary teeth. Int Endod J 2015; 48(5):405-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12328

Gupta A, Duhan J, Tewari S, Sangwan P, Yadav A, Singh G, et al. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of Syzygium aromaticum, Ocimum sanctum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum plant extracts against Enterococcus faecalis: a preliminary study. Int Endod J. 2013; 46(8):775-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12058

Abbaszadegan A, Gholami A, Ghahramani Y, Ghareghan R, Ghareghan M, Kazemi A, et al. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of cuminum cyminum as an intracanal medicament compared to chlorhexidine gel. Iran Endod J 2016; 11(1):44-50. https://doi.org/10.7508/iej.2016.01.009

Barbieri R, Coppo E, Marchese A, Daglia M, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Nabavi SF, et al. Phytoconstituents for human disease: An update on plant-derived compoundsantibacterial activity. Microbiol Res 2017; 196:44-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2016.12.003

Sharifi-Rad J, Salehi B, Varoni EM, Sharopov F, Yousaf Z, Ayatollahi AS, et al. Plants of the melaleuca genus as antimicrobial agents: from farm to pharmacy. Phytother Res 2017; 31(10):1475-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5880

Bhinge SD, Bhutkar MA, Randive DS, Wadkar GH, Todkar SS, Kakade PM, et al. Formulation development and evaluation of antimicrobial polyherbal gel. Ann Pharm Fr 2017; 75(5):349-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharma.2017.04.006

Upadhyay A, Venkitanarayanan K. In vivo efficacy of trans-cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, and thymol in attenuating Listeria monocytogenes infection in a Galleria mellonella model. J Nat Med 2016; 70(3):667-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-016-0990-4

CLSI. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard—Tenth Edition. CLSI document M07-A10. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2015.

Huang Y, Li X, Mandal P, Wu Y, Liu L, Gui H, et al. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of four endodontic sealers. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-019-0817-2

Basir L, Khanehmasjedi M, Khosravi A, Ansarifar S. Investigating the antimicrobial activity of different root canal filling pastes in deciduous teeth. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2019; 11:321-6. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCIDE.S214568

Cavalcanti YW, Almeida LFD, Padilha WWN. Antimicrobial activity and pH evaluation of calcium hydroxide associated with natural products. Braz Dent Sci 2010; 13(8):49-54. https://doi.org/10.14295/bds.2010.v13i3/4.686

Manno BR, Abukhalaf IK, Manno JE. A simple spectrophotometric assay for the measurement of soluble silica in water. J Anal Toxicol 1997; 21(6):503-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/21.6.503

Bertolini MM, Portela MB, Curvelo JAR, Soares RMA, Lourenço EJV, Telles DM. Resins-based denture soft lining materials modified by chlorhexidine salt incorporation: an in vitro analysis of antifungal activity, drug release and hardness. Dent Mater 2014; 30(8):793-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.05.004

Tyagi S, Thomas AM, Sinnappah-Kang ND. A comparative evaluation of resin- and varnish-based surface protective agents on glass ionomer cement - a spectrophotometric analysis. Biomater Investig Dent 2020; 7(1):25-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/26415275.2020.1711760

Cancio V, Ferreira DC, Cavalcante FS, Rosado AS, Teixeira LM, Oliveira QB, et al. Can the Enterococcus faecalis identified in the root canals of primary teeth be a cause of failure of endodontic treatment?. Acta Odontol Scand 2017; 75(6):423-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016357.2017.1328742

Martos J, Ferrer Luque CMF, González-Rodríguez MP, Arias-Moliz MT, Baca P. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and chloroform alone and combinated with cetrimide against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Eur J Microbiol Immunol 2013; 3(1):44-8. https://doi.org/10.1556/EuJMI.3.2013.1.6

Benbelaïd F, Khadir A, Abdoune MA, Bendahou M, Muselli A, Costa J. Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against oral multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in both planktonic and biofilm state. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(6):463-72. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1203

Smolarek PC, Esmerino LA, Chibinski AC, Bortoluzzi MC, Santos EB, Kozlowski Junior VA. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of toothpastes with natural compounds. Eur J Dent 2015; 9(4):580-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.172632

Borzini L, Condò R, Dominicis P, Casaglia A, Cerroni L. Root canal irrigation: chemical agents and plant extracts against Enterococcus faecalis. Open Dent J 2016; 10:692-703. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874210601610010692

Park S, Lim YK, Freire MO, Cho E, Jin D, Kook J. Antimicrobial effect of linalool and α-terpineol against periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria. Anaerobe 2012; 18(3):369-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.04.001

Zengin H, Baysal AH. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of essential oil terpenes against pathogenic and spoilage-forming bacteria and cell structure-activity relationships evaluated by SEM microscopy. Molecules 2014; 19(11):17773-98. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191117773

Ferro TAF, Araújo JMM, Pinto BLDS, Santos JS, Souza EB, Silva BLR, et al. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors and protects against infection in a Galleria mellonella model. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2052. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02052

Liu Q, Niu H, Zhang W, Mu H, Sun C, Duan J. Synergy among thymol, eugenol, berberine, cinnamaldehyde and streptomycin against planktonic and biofilm-associated food-borne pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 60(5):421-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12401

Boast A, Curtis N, Gwee A. QUESTION 1: Teething issues: can doxycycline be safely used in young children?. Arch Dis Child 2016; 101(8):772-4. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-310964

Costa FS, Silveira ER, Pinto GS, Nascimento GG, Thomson WM, Demarco FF. Developmental defects of enamel and dental caries in the primary dentition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 2017; 60:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2017.03.006

Vargas-Ferreira F, Salas MMS, Nascimento GG, Tarquinio SBC, Faggion Jr CM, Peres MA, et al. Association between developmental defects of enamel and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 2015; 43(6):619-28.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.03.011