Thermographic Control of Pediatric Dental Patients During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemics Using Smartphones

Authors

  • Alessandra Putrino
  • Mario Raso
  • Martina Caputo
  • Valeria Calace
  • Ersilia Barbato
  • Gabriella Galluccio

Keywords:

Differential Thermal Analysis, SARS-CoV-2, Smartphone, Body Temperature, Fever

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the reliability of infrared (IR) thermal camera connected to smartphones, already used in medicine for diagnostic purposes, as an easy tool for access screening to pediatric dentistry services. Material and Methods: After the preventive telephone triage, thirty orthodontic patients (7-13 years) underwent temperature measurement in the office with two no-contact IR devices: forehead digital thermometer and thermal-camera connected to a smartphone (reference areas: forehead, inner canthi, ears). Measurements were compared and differences were statistically investigated with T student’s test (p<0.01). Results: Forehead digital thermometer temperatures were superimposable to those recorded in ear areas and inner canthi with the thermal camera connected to a smartphone. Differences were not statistically significant even in comparison between the sexes. Forehead temperature values detected with a thermal camera are lower than those detected with a digital forehead thermometer. Conclusion: Thermal camera on a smartphone could be reliable in measuring body temperature. Mobile thermographic values of ears and inner canthi areas can be used as an alternative to forehead digital thermometer measurements. Further applications in pediatric dentistry of thermography on smartphones should be examined.

References

Alsayedahmed HH. COVID-19 Pandemic's precautionary measures had hit the reset button of the quality of life at different aspects. J Infect Dev Ctries 2020; 14(8):812-6. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12943

Villani FA, Aiuto R, Paglia L, Re D. COVID-19 and dentistry: prevention in dental practice, a literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(12):4609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124609

Putrino A, Caputo M, Giovannoni D, Barbato E, Galluccio G. Impact of the SARS-Cov2 pandemic on orthodontic therapies: An Italian experience of teleorthodontics. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr 2020; 20:e0100. https://doi.org/10.1590/pboci.2020.140

Pascarella G, Strumia A, Piliego C, Bruno F, Del Buono R, Costa F, et al. COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. J Intern Med 2020; 288(2):192-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13091

Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res 2020; 7(1):11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0

Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review. J Am Med Assoc 2020; 324(8):749-51. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12839

Dell’Isola GB, Cosentini E, Canale L, Ficco G, Dell’Isola M. Noncontact body temperature measurement: uncertainty evaluation and screening decision rule to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Sensors 2021; 21(2):346. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020346

Aw J. The non-contact handheld cutaneous infra-red thermometer for fever screening during the COVID-19 global emergency. J Hosp Infect 2020; 104(4):451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.02.010

Chen HY, Chen A, Chen C. Investigation of the impact of infrared sensors on core body temperature monitoring by comparing measurement sites. Sensors 2020; 20(10):2885. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102885

Crossley B. Troubleshoot it: accuracy of various thermometer types is important to consider during the COVID-19 pandemic. Biomed Instrum Technol 2020; 54(3):228-9. https://doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-54.3.228

Hakan N, Okumuş N, Aydın M, Küçüközkan T, Tuygun N, Zenciroğlu A. The comparison of temporal temperature measurement method by non-contact infrared thermometer with other body temperature measurement methods. J Behcet Child Hosp 2017; 7:141-6. https://doi.org/10.5222/buchd.2017.141

Vardasca R, Magalhaes C, Marques D, Moreira J, Frade R, Seixas A, et al. Bilateral assessment of body core temperature through axillar, tympanic and inner canthi thermometers in a young population. Physiol Meas 2019; 40(9):094001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ab2af6

Carpes FP, Mello-Carpes PB, Priego Quesada JI, Pérez-Soriano P, Salvador Palmer R, Ortiz de Anda RMC. Insights on the use of thermography in human physiology practical classes. Adv Physiol Educ 2018; 42(3):521-5. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00118.2018

Lü Y, He X, Wei ZH, Sun ZY, Chang ST. Ambient temperature-independent dual-band mid-infrared radiation thermometry. Appl Opt 2016; 55(9):2169-74. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.55.002169

Wolf A, Pezoa JE, Figueroa M. Modeling and compensating temperature-dependent non-uniformity noise in IR microbolometer cameras. Sensors 2016; 16(7):1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16071121

Usamentiaga R, Venegas P, Guerediaga J, Vega L, Molleda J, Bulnes FG. Infrared thermography for temperature measurement and non-destructive testing. Sensors 2014; 14(7):12305-48. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140712305

Zaproudina N, Varmavuo V, Airaksinen O, Närhi M. Reproducibility of infrared thermography measurements in healthy individuals. Physiol Meas 2008; 29(4):515-24. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/29/4/007

Villa E, Arteaga-Marrero N, Ruiz-Alzola J. Performance assessment of low-cost thermal cameras for medical applications. Sensors 2020; 20(5):1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051321.

Kasprzyk-Kucewicz T, Cholewka A, Bałamut K., Kownacki P, Kaszuba N, Kaszuba M, et al. The applications of infrared thermography in surgical removal of retained teeth effects assessment. J Therm Anal Calorim 2021; 144:139-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09457-6

Negishi T, Abe S, Matsui T, Liu H, Kurosawa M, Kirimoto T, et al. Contactless vital signs measurement system using RGB-thermal image sensors and its clinical screening test on patients with seasonal influenza. Sensors 2020; 20(8):2171. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082171

Barbosa JS, Amorim A, Arruda M, Medeiros G, Freitas A, Vieira L, et al. Infrared thermography assessment of patients with temporomandibular disorders. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2020; 49(4):20190392. https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20190392

Endo T, Komatsuzaki A, Miyagawa Y, Kamoda T, Goto S, Koide K, et al. Thermographic assessment of facial temperature in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. J Oral Sci 2019; 61(2):321-6. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.18-0194

Harshavardhan T, Vijayalaxmi N, Mudavath M, Meesala D. Thermography: A newer diagnostic assessment tool in dentistry. J Mahatma Gandhi Inst Med Sci 2017; 22(2):87-92. https://doi.org/10.4103/jmgims.jmgims_79_15

Zhou Y, Ghassemi P, Chen M, McBride D, Casamento JP, Pfefer TJ, et al. Clinical evaluation of fever-screening thermography: impact of consensus guidelines and facial measurement location. J Biomed Opt 2020; 25(9):097002. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.25.9.097002

Saxena AK, Willital GH. Infrared thermography: experience from a decade of pediatric imaging. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167(7):757-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-007-0583-z

Sanchis-Sánchez E, Salvador-Palmer R, Codoñer-Franch P, Martín J, Vergara-Hernández C, Blasco J, et al. Infrared thermography is useful for ruling out fractures in paediatric emergencies. Eur J Pediatr 2015; 174(4):493-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-014-2425-0

Blasco JM, Sanchis-Sánchez E, Martín JD, Sanchis E, Salvador-Palmer R, Cibrián R. A Matlab based interface for infrared thermographic diagnosis of pediatric musculoskeletal injuries. Infrared Phys Technol 2016; 76:500-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2016.04.018

Owen R, Ramlakhan S. Infrared thermography in paediatrics: a narrative review of clinical use. BMJ Paediatr Open 2017; 1(1):e000080.

Owen R, Ramlakhan S, Saatchi R, Burke D. Development of a high-resolution infrared thermographic imaging method as a diagnostic tool for acute undifferentiated limp in young children. Med Biol Eng Comput 2018; 56(6):1115-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-017-1749-0

Martini G, Cappella M, Culpo R, Vittadello F, Sprocati M, Zulian F. Infrared thermography in children: a reliable tool for differential diagnosis of peripheral microvascular dysfunction and Raynaud’s phenomenon? Pediatr Rheumatol 2019; 17(1):68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12969-019-0371-0

Atas Berksoy E, Bag Ö, Yazici S, Celik T. Use of non contact infrared thermography to measure temperature in children in a triage room. Medicine 2018; 97(5):e9737. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009737

Dębiec-Bak A, Kuligowski T, Skrzek A. Analyzing thermoregulation processes in early school-age girls and boys through thermography. J Therm Anal Colorim 2020; 140:243-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08843-z

van Doremalen RFM, van Netten JJ, van Baal JG, Vollenbroek-Hutten MMR, van der Heijden F. Infrared 3D thermography for inflammation detection in diabetic foot disease: a proof of concept. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2020; 14(1):46-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296819854062

Kirimtat A, Krejcar O, Selamat A, Herrera-Viedma E. FLIR vs SEEK thermal cameras in biomedicine: comparative diagnosis through infrared thermography. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21(Suppl 2):88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-020-3355-7

Minatel Riguetto C, Minicucci WJ, Moura Neto A, Tambascia MA, Zantut-Wittmann DE. Value of infrared thermography camera attached to a smartphone for evaluation and follow-up of patients with graves' ophthalmopathy. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:7065713. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7065713

Browne RH. On the use of a pilot sample for sample size determination. Stat Med 1995; 14(17):1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780141709

Putrino A, Raso M, Magazzino C, Galluccio G. Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Italy: knowledge, management of patients and clinical experience of Italian dentists during the spread of contagion. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:200. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-020-01187-3

Ng EY, Kaw GJ, Chang WM. Analysis of IR thermal imager for mass blind fever screening. Microvasc Res 2004; 68(2):104-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2004.05.003

Pannu J. Nonpharmaceutical Measures for pandemic influenza in nonhealthcare settings-international travel-related measures. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(9):2298-9. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2609.201990

Downloads

Published

2021-11-15

How to Cite

Putrino, A. ., Raso, M. ., Caputo, M. ., Calace, V. ., Barbato, E. ., & Galluccio, G. . (2021). Thermographic Control of Pediatric Dental Patients During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemics Using Smartphones. Pesquisa Brasileira Em Odontopediatria E Clínica Integrada, 21, e0248. Retrieved from https://revista.uepb.edu.br/PBOCI/article/view/721

Issue

Section

Original Articles