A Rejeição a Barack Obama e a crescente influência da ultradireita no Partido Republicano (2008-2016)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29327/252935.15.1-4Palavras-chave:
Partido Republicano, Ultradireita, Donald TrumpResumo
Ao longo das primeiras décadas do século XXI, o Partido Republicano passou por uma mudança substancial à medida que começou a abraçar com mais firmeza ideologias e figuras de ultradireita. Esta transformação tornou-se evidente com a escolha de Donald Trump nas primárias de 2016 e a sua subsequente eleição como Presidente. Embora essa trajetória seja multicausal, este artigo pretende elucidar como a rejeição de Barack Obama desempenhou um papel fundamental na crescente influência da ultradireita dentro do Partido Republicano. O argumento central apresentado neste artigo é que a rejeição de Obama, motivada por considerações raciais, catalisou a convergência do Partido Republicano em torno de agendas de ultradireita. O que diferencia este estudo é o uso inovador da metodologia de process-tracing para descobrir os mecanismos causais por trás dessa transformação. A partir da determinação da radicalização republicana enquanto a variável dependente identificou-se três atores fundamentais que influenciaram nesse processo: a. Os Paleoconservadores; b. Donald Trump, e c. O Tea Party. A atuação conjunta desses três atores foi responsável pela incorporação de agendas nativistas, xenófobas e autoritárias ao Partido Republicano, contribuindo para o processo de aproximação à ultradireita
Referências
ABRAMOWITZ, Alan I. Grand Old Tea Party: Partisan Polarization and the Rise of the Tea Party Movement. In TROST, Christine; ROSENTHAL, Lawrence (eds.) Steep: The Precipitous Rise of the Tea Party University of California Press, 2012. Disponível em [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pptvz.4]. Acesso em 30/01/2020.
ABRAMOWITZ, Alan I.; WEBSTER, Steven. The rise of negative partisanship and the nationalization of U.S. elections in the 21st century. Electoral Studies, Vol. 41, Nº 1, 2015. Disponível em [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.11.001]. Acesso em 26/04/2023.
ABRAMOWITZ, Alan I.; MCCOY, Jennifer. United States: Racial Resentment, Negative Partisanship and Polarization in Trump’s America. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, nº 681. Disponível em [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218811309]. Acesso em 26/04/2023.
ABRAMOWITZ, Alan I. The Polarized American Electorate: The Rise of Partisan-Ideological Consistency and Its Consequences. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 137, Nº 4, 2022. Disponível em [https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.13388]. Acesso em 26/04/2023.
ACHEN, Cristopher H.; BARTELS, Larry M. Democracy for Realists: Why elections do not produce responsive government. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.
ASHBEE, Edward. Patrick J. Buchanan and the Death of the West. In SEDGWICK, Mark (ed.) Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy. Londres: Oxford University Press, 2019.
BARTEE, Seth. Paul Gottfried and Paleoconservatism. In SEDGWICK, Mark (ed.) Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy. Londres: Oxford University Press, 2019.
BEACH, Derek; PEDERSEN, Rasmus B. Process-Tracing Methods: Foundation and Guidelines. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.
BENKLER, Yochai; FARIS, Robert; ROBERTS, Hal. Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation and Radicalization in American Politics. Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press, 2018.
BURGHART, Devin. View from the Top: Report on Six National Tea Party Organizations. In TROST, Christine; ROSENTHAL, Lawrence (eds.) Steep: The Precipitous Rise of the Tea Party. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2012. Disponível em [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pptvz.4]. Acesso em 30/01/2020.
CONLEY, Brian. Thinking What He Says: Market Research and the Making of Donald Trump’s 2016 Presidential Campaign. In GILLIES, Jamie (Ed.) Political Marketing in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
DONOVAN, Todd; REDLAWSK, David. Donald Trump and right-wing populists in comparative perspective. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, Vol 28, ed. 2, p. 190-207, 2018. Disponível em [https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2018.1441844]. Acesso em 07/11/2019.
DROLET, Jean-François; WILLIAMS, Michael C. America first:paleoconservatism and the ideological struggle for the American right. Journal of Political Ideologies, Vol. 25, Nº 1, 2019. Disponível em [https://doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2020.1699717]. Acesso em 28/04/2023.
FUKUYAMA, Francis. Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. Nova Iorque: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018.
GREEN, Joshua. Devil's Bargain: Steve Bannon, Donald Trump, and the Nationalist Uprising. Londres: Penguin Books, 2017.
GROSSMAN, Matthew; HOPKINS, David A. Asymmetric Politics: Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats. Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press, 2016.
HAWLEY, George. Making Sense of The Alt-Right. Nova Iorque: Columbia University Press, 2017.
IYENGAR, Shanto. E Pluribus Pluribus, or Divided We Stand. Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 80, Nº 1, 2016. Disponível em [https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfv084]. Acesso em 07/01/2020.
JACOBSON, Gary C. Polarization, Gridlock, and Presidential Campaign Politics in 2016. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2016. Disponível em [https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716216658921]. Acesso em 07/01/2020.
JÜPSKAS, Anders Ravik; LEIDIG, Eviane. Knowing what’s (far) right: A compendium. Oslo: Center for Research on Extremism, 2020.
LO, Clarence Y. H. Astroturf versus Grass Roots: Scenes from Early Tea Party Mobilization. In TROST, Christine; ROSENTHAL, Lawrence (eds.) Steep: The Precipitous Rise of the Tea Party. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2012. Disponível em [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pptvz.4]. Acesso em 30/01/2020.
LYONS, Matthew N. CTRL-ALT-DELETE: The origins and ideology of the Alternative Right. Political Research Associates, 2017. Disponível em [http://www.politicalresearch.org/2017/01/20/ctrl-alt-delete-report-on-the-alternative-right/]. Acesso em 23/10/2019
MACWILLIAMS, Matthew C. Who Decides When The Party Doesn’t? Authoritarian Voters and the Rise of Donald Trump. PS: Political Science & Politics, Vol. 49, Nº4, 2016. Disponível em [https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096516001463]. Acesso em 14/01/2021.
MANN, Thomas E; ORNSTEIN, Norman J. It’s Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism. Nova Iorque: Basic Books, 2012.
MAXWELL, Angie; PARENT; Wayne. The Obama Trigger: Presidential Approval and Tea Party Membership. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 93, N. 5. 2012. Disponível em [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00907.x]. Acesso em 28/04/2023.
MONTGOMERY, Peter. The Tea Party and the Religious Right Movements: Frenemies with Benefits. In TROST, Christine; ROSENTHAL, Lawrence (eds.) Steep: The Precipitous Rise of the Tea Party. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2012. Disponível em [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pptvz.4]. Acesso em 30/01/2020.
MUDDE, Cas. The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
___________. The Far Right in America. Londres: Routledge, 2018.
NASH, George H. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945. Nova Iorque: Basic Books, 1996.
NEIWERT, David. Alt-America: The Rise of the Radical Right in the Age of Trump. Nova Iorque: Verso, 2017.
NELSON, Anne. Shadow Network: Media, Money and the Secret Hub of the Radical Right. Nova Iorque: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019.
PHAM Vincent N. Our Foreign President Barack Obama: The Racial Logics of Birther Discourses. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, Vol. 8, Nº 2, 2015. Disponível em [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2015.1025327]. Acesso em 27/01/2020.
PIERCE, Douglas R; LAU, Richard R. Polarization and correct voting in U.S. presidential elections. Electoral Studies, Vol. 60, 2019. Disponível em [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2019.102048]. Acesso em 14/01/2020.
RUDOLPH, Thomas. Populist anger, Donald Trump, and the 2016 election. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 2019. Disponível em [https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2019.1582532]. Acesso em 14/01/2020.
SHOR, Boris; MCCARTY, Nolan. Two Decades of Polarization in American State Legislatures. Journal of Political Institutions and Political Economy, Nº 3, 2022. Disponível em [https://research.bshor.com/publication/polarization_2decades/polarization_2decades.pdf]. Acesso em 28/04/2023.
SKOCPOL, Theda; WILLIAMSON, Vanessa. The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism. Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press, 2012.
TARROW, Sidney. Movements and Parties: Critical Connections in American Political Development. Nova Iorque: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
TROST, Christine; ROSENTHAL, Lawrence. The Rise of the Tea Party. In TROST, Christine; ROSENTHAL, Lawrence (eds.) Steep: The Precipitous Rise of the Tea Party. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2012. Disponível em [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pptvz.4]. Acesso em 30/01/2020.
WEBSTER, Steven W. American rage: How anger shapes our politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
